PHP Basics - Owlbuddy

Include and Require in PHP

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

In this tutorial, we will learn about include and require in PHP. Include and Required both are used to copy text/code/markup from the specified file into the file where the copy or require statement is used. Include and require in PHP makes it so simple to manage such kind of code which we need in multiple files for example code for the navigation bar and footer(because we need same navigation bar and footer in multiple pages). Before diving deep it is important to know what is different between these two statements(include and require) Difference between include and require: We know both include and require are used to copy content from one file into another but they both works differently only in the case upon failure(file not found): require will show a fatal error (E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script from executing include will only show a warning (E_WARNING) and the script will continue to execute Syntax of require and include: include ‘filename’; or require ‘filename’; PHP include example program: First of all, we will create a file which we want to include. Suppose we have saved this file as hello.php. <?php echo “<h2>Hello, Welcome to Owlbuddy.</h2>”; ?> Now we will write the code of another file where we want to include hello.php. <html> <body> <?php include ‘hello.php’;?> </body> </html> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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PHP Global Variables

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

In this tutorial, we will learn about PHP Global Variables. The global variables are also known as superglobals and These these superglobal variables first time introduced in PHP 4.1.0 on 10 December 2001. A very interesting thing about these superglobal variables is these variables are always accessible. You can access them in different PHP files easily. Please check out the following list of superglobals: $GLOBALS $_SERVER $_REQUEST $_POST $_GET $_FILES $_ENV $_COOKIE $_SESSION $GLOBALS: The $GLOBALS global variable is used to access global variables from anywhere(functions, methods) in the script. In PHP all the global variables in an array which is known as $GLOBALS[index]. In the index, we write the name of the variable to fetch or to add value in the variable. To understand it wisely, please checks out the following example program. <?php $num1 = 40; $num2 = 30; function sum() { $GLOBALS[‘ans’] = $GLOBALS[‘num1’] + $GLOBALS[‘num2’]; } sum(); echo $ans; ?> $_SERVER The $_SERVER global variable holds the information about the about headers, paths, and script locations. List of important $_SERVER elements: Element Description $_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’] This returns the name of the currently executing script file. $_SERVER[‘GATEWAY_INTERFACE’] This returns the version of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) the server is using. $_SERVER[‘SERVER_ADDR’] This returns the IP address of the host server. $_SERVER[‘SERVER_NAME’] This returns the name of the host server (For example www.owlbudy.com). $_SERVER[‘SERVER_SOFTWARE’] This returns the server identification string (For example Apache/2.2.24). $_SERVER[‘SERVER_PROTOCOL’] This returns the name and revision of the information protocol (For example HTTP/1.1). $_SERVER[‘REQUEST_METHOD’] This returns the request method which is used to access the page (For example POST). $_SERVER[‘REQUEST_TIME’] This returns the timestamp of the start of the request (For example 1245124512). $_SERVER[‘QUERY_STRING’] This returns the query string in case the page is accessed using a query string. $_SERVER[‘HTTP_ACCEPT’] This returns the accept header from the current request. $_SERVER[‘HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET’] This returns the Accept_Charset header from the current request. $_SERVER[‘HTTP_HOST’] This returns the header of host from current request. $_SERVER[‘HTTP_REFERER’] This returns the complete URL of current page. $_SERVER[‘HTTPS’] This is the script queried via a secure HTTPS protocol. $_SERVER[‘REMOTE_ADDR’] This returns the IP address of users machine from which user is communicating. $_SERVER[‘REMOTE_HOST’] This returns name of host on user’s machine. $_SERVER[‘REMOTE_PORT’] This returns port number of users machine which is using for web communication. $_SERVER[‘SCRIPT_FILENAME’] This returns absolute path name of currently executing script. $_SERVER[‘SERVER_ADMIN’] This returns the information about the server admin. $_SERVER[‘SERVER_PORT’] This returns the port number which a machine using for web communication. $_SERVER[‘SERVER_SIGNATURE’] This return version of server and name of the host. $_SERVER[‘PATH_TRANSLATED’] This return path to script according of file path system. $_SERVER[‘SCRIPT_NAME’] This returns the path of current script. $_SERVER[‘SCRIPT_URI’] This returns the URI of current page. Example Program: <?php echo $_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’]; echo “<br>”; echo $_SERVER[‘HTTP_REFERER’]; echo “<br>”; echo $_SERVER[‘HTTP_HOST’]; echo “<br>”; echo $_SERVER[‘SERVER_NAME’]; echo “<br>”; echo $_SERVER[‘SCRIPT_NAME’]; ?> $_REQUEST The $_REQUEST global variable is used to collect data from form. <?php if ($_SERVER[“REQUEST_METHOD”] == “POST”) { // collect value of input field $name = $_REQUEST[‘name’]; if (empty($name)) { echo “It’s empty.”; } else { echo $name; } } ?> <form method=”post” action=”<?php echo $_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’];?>”> Name: <input type=”text” name=”name”> <input type=”submit”> </form> $_POST The $_GET global variable is used to collect data from the form in case data is submitted using the POST method. To understand it wisely please check out the following example program. <?php if(isset($_POST[“Submit”])){ echo “<p–>Hello, ” . $_POST[“name”] . “<p></p>”; } ?> <form method=”POST”> <input type=”text” name=”name”> <input=”” value=”Submit”> </form> $_GET The $_GET global variable is used to collect data from the form in case data is submitted using the GET method. To understand it wisely please check out the following example program. <?php if(isset($_GET[“Submit”])){ echo “<p–>Hello, ” . $_GET[“name”] . “<p></p>”; } ?> <form method=”GET”> <input type=”text” name=”name”> <input=”” value=”Submit”> </form> $_FILES The $_FILES is a two-dimensional associative global array of items which are being uploaded by via HTTP POST method. $_ENV The $_ENV is used to return the environment variables from the web server. $_COOKIE The $_COOKIE global variable is used to store some data on client’s machines in the form of a text file. The main motive of storing cookies on the client machine is to identify the user when user will revisit a site. <?php $cookie_name = “user_name”; $cookie_value = “Rahul”; setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value); ?> Click here to learn about $_COOKIE global variable in detail. $_SESSION The $_SESSION is global variable which is used to store information and to be used across multiple pages. To understand it wisely please check out the following example program. <?php // Starting the session session_start(); // Setting session variables and values $_SESSION[“login_status”] = “true”; $_SESSION[“username”] = “Abc”; ?> Click here to learn about $_SESSION global variable in detail. Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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PHP Cookies

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

In this tutorial, we will learn about PHP Cookies. PHP Cookies are used to store some data on client’s machines in the form of a text file. The main motive of storing cookies on the client machine is to identify the user when user will revisit a site. Because whenever a user requests a web page to the server it also sends cookies to the server. To understand it you can check the following illustration. As in the above illustration, you can see the first time the user is just sending a normal request to the server. But the server is giving back response and cookies to the client and after this when the client again try to send a request to the server it is sending cookies back to the server with the request. Creating PHP cookies: We have setcookie() function available in PHP to create a cookie. For example, you want to save a cookie to store the name of the user. Syntax of setcookies(): setcookie(cookie_name, cookie_value, expire_time, path, domain, secure, httponly); In the above syntax except for cookie_name, all the other parameters are optional. Please check out the following example program. Example Program: <?php $cookie_name = “user_name”; $cookie_value = “Rahul”; setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value); ?> Fetching Cookies variables: After storing PHP cookies on the client’s machine we will get all the cookies variable and values when user will revisit the site. Here is an example program to show how we can fetch these cookies variables using $_COOKIE global variable. Example Program: <?php $cookie_name = “user_name”; $cookie_value = “Rahul”; setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value); if(isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) { echo “Hello “. $_COOKIE[$cookie_name]; } ?> Updating the value of the cookie variable: We can update the value of cookie variable any number of time using setcookie() function. Example Program: <?php $cookie_name = “user_name”; $cookie_value = “Rahul”; setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value); ?> Deleting cookie variables: To delete the cookie we can use setcookie() function with an expiration date in the past. Example Program: <?php $cookie_name = “user_name”; $cookie_value = “Rahul”; setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value,time() – 3600); ?> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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PHP Sessions

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

In this tutorial, we will learn about PHP Sessions. PHP sessions are a way to access data among different web pages of the website. All the session variables and their values stored in a file in the temporary directory on the server. With the help of PHP sessions, we can share various kind of data among all the pages of the website such as login_status, username etc. It is important to note that By default, session variables last until the user closes the browser. How to start PHP Sessions: We have session_start() function in PHP to start a session in PHP and to create and set a session variable in PHP we use $_SESSION global variable. Please check out the following example program: Example Program: <?php // Starting the session session_start(); // Setting session variables and values $_SESSION[“login_status”] = “true”; $_SESSION[“username”] = “Abc”; ?> Get PHP Session variables: After starting a session and creating session variables we can fetch session variables in different web pages of the website. Please check out the following example program. Example Program: <?php // Starting the session session_start(); // Setting session variables and values $_SESSION[“login_status”] = “true”; $_SESSION[“username”] = “Abc”; echo “Hello ” . $_SESSION[“username”]; ?> Modifying session variables: We can modify session variables any number of times. For example, you want to changes login_status to false after user clicks on the logout button. Please check out the following example program. Example Program: <?php // Starting the session session_start(); // Setting session variables and values $_SESSION[“login_status”] = “true”; $_SESSION[“username”] = “Abc”; echo “Hello ” . $_SESSION[“username”]; //modifying session variable $_SESSION[“username”] = “XYZ”; echo “Hello ” . $_SESSION[“username”]; ?> As in above example program you can see in the beginning(on 6th line) of the program the value of variable username was Abc but later(on 10th line) we changed this the value of username variable to XYZ. So it means to change the value of session variable you just have to assign a new value to a variable and that’s it. Removing session variables: There are two functions in PHP to remove session variables. First one is session_unset() to remove all the session variables and the second one is session_destroy() is to destroy the complete session. Please check out the following example program to understand this more wisely. Example Program: <?php // Starting the session session_start(); // Setting session variables and values $_SESSION[“login_status”] = “true”; $_SESSION[“username”] = “Abc”; echo “Hello ” . $_SESSION[“username”]; // remove all the session variables session_unset(); // destroy the complete session session_destroy(); ?> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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PHP File Handling

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

In this tutorial, we will learn about PHP File Handling. File Handling is really useful if you want to perform some any file-related operations in your web application such as creating a new file, opening an existing file, delete a file etc. Here is a list of file-related operations: Creating a new file Opening an existing file Reading from file Writing in the file Closing a file Deleting a file Creating a new File: Many times we need to create a new file in our web application. We use fopen() function to create a new file in PHP File Handling. The fopen() function works in a very simple manner if a file already exists it will open that otherwise, it will create a new file. It is important to note if you want to create a new file then the file must file is opened for writing (w) or appending (a). Example Program: <?php $newfile = fopen(“NewFile.txt”, “w”) or die(“Couldn’t open this file”); fclose($newfile); ?> Opening an existing file: As we learned in the last example we use fopen() function to open a file. You can open a file to read to write or to append also. Please check out the following example. Example Program: <?php $myfile = fopen(“myFile.txt”, “r”) or die(“Couldn’t open this file”); fclose($myfile); ?> Modes in which we can open a file: Mode Description w This mode is used to open a file just for writing in the file. If the file already not exist it will create a new file and if file exists it will remove all the existing data from the file. r This mode is used to open a file just for reading from the file. a This mode is used to open a file just for writing in the file. If the file already not exist it will create a new file and if file exists it will preserve all the existing data from the file and the file pointer will point out the end of the file. w+ This mode is used to open a file for writing and reading the file. If the file already not exist it will create a new file and if file exists it will remove all the existing data from the file. r+ This mode is used to open a file for reading and write the file a+ This mode is used to open a file just for writing and reading the file. If the file already not exist it will create a new file and if file exists it will preserve all the existing data from the file and the file pointer will point out the end of the file. x This mode is used to create a new file to write only. Reading from file: We have fread() function in PHP to read a file. This fread() function can take two parameters first one is the name of the files and the second one is the number of bytes to read from the file. Example Program: <?php $myfile = “c:\\myfile.txt”; $reading = fopen($myfile, “r”); $text = fread($reading, filesize($myfile)); echo $text; fclose($handle); ?> Writing in the file: We have fwrite() function. We can create a new file using this function and write or append in the file. This fwrite() function takes to parameters first one is the filename and the second one is content which you want to write in the file. <?php $myfile = fopen(“myfile.txt”, ‘w’); $content = “Hello, Welcome to Owlbuddy.\n”; fwrite($myfile, $content); ?> Closing a file: We have fclose() function in PHP to close opened file. This fclose() function takes an only a single parameter which is the file name. <?php $myfile = fopen(“myfile.txt”, ‘w’); $content = “Hello, Welcome to Owlbuddy.\n”; fwrite($myfile, $content); fclose($myfile); ?> Deleting a file: We have the unlink() function in PHP. To delete an existing file. This function takes only a single parameter which is the file name. <?php unlink(‘myfile.txt’); ?> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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PHP Form Handling

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

In PHP GET and POST superglobals are used to collect form-data. In our first example program, we will create a search web page using the get method. let’s start with the search page example. Example Program: <?php if(isset($_GET[“submit”])){ echo “<h2>Your are searching for ” . $_GET[“search”] . “</h2>”; } ?> <html> <body> <form method=”GET”> <input type=”text” name=”search” placeholder=”Search Product Here”><br> <input type=”Submit” name=”submit”> </form> </body> </html> As you can see in the above example how we create a search page using the GET method. (In this tutorial we are not using any database but don’t worry in MYSQL tutorials we will also perform search operations in the database using PHP) In our next example program, we will create a login form using the POST method. Please keep in your mind we always use the POST method for login, and signup pages because we don’t want to show user data in the URL bar. (Here we will use a static username and password value but in the MySQL tutorial, we will perform the login by searching the user from the database) Example Program: – <?php $valid_email=”admin@xyz.com”; $valid_password=”123″; if(isset($_POST[“submit”])){ $email=$_POST[“email”]; $password=$_POST[“pass”]; if($valid_email==$email&&$valid_password==$password){ echo “<h2>Welcome, your are a valid user</h2>”; } else{ echo “<h2>Please check your email and password</h2>”; } } ?> <html> <body> <form method=”POST”> <input type=”text” name=”email” placeholder=”Please Enter Your Email”><br> <input type=”password” name=”pass” placeholder=”Please Enter Your Password”><br> <input type=”submit” name=”submit”> </form> </body> </html> As we created this login page in the same way you can create a signup page using the POST method. Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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Comments in PHP

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

Comments are not used to perform any function in the program but are useful for developers. Developers can write comments with variables and functions to remember their working (purpose) in the program. One important thing to mention is that comments don’t have any impact on the execution of the program. Types of Comments: Single Line comments Multi-Line comments Single-Line Comments: – These are used to add single-line comments with a variable or any function. There are two ways to write single-line comments using the // symbol or # symbol. Example Program: – <?php // Single comment using // symbol # Single comment using # symbol echo “Welcome to Owlbuddy”; ?> Multi-Line Comments: – These are used to add a multi-line comment with a variable or any function. /* */ symbols are used to add Multi-Line comments. Example Program: – <?php /* These multiline comments also use to hide code. */ echo “Welcome to Owlbuddy”; ?> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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GET and POST in PHP

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

The web browser communicates with the web server by using two HTTP methods GET and POST. These methods are used to send information to the web server. Here we will learn about these methods and the difference between these two methods. GET method: When we use the GET method it sends data to the web server as URL parameters. It sends data to a web server in the key-value pair. When you work with the GET method you can easily see all GET parameters in the URL bar like this http://www.example.com/search.php?product=books. Here we will learn how we can send data from an HTML form to a server using the GET method. Example Program: <?php if(isset($_GET[“Submit”])){ echo “<p–>Hello, ” . $_GET[“name”] . “<p></p>”; } ?> <form method=”GET”> <input type=”text” name=”name”> <input=”” value=”Submit”> </form> POST method: When we send data using the POST method to the webserver. Data would not visible in the URL bar. In the POST method data send to the web server separately as a package with a processing script. Check this example to understand it. Example Program: <?php if(isset($_POST[“Submit”])){ echo “<p–>Hello, ” . $_POST[“name”] . “<p></p>”; } ?> <form method=”POST”> <input type=”text” name=”name”> <input=”” value=”Submit”> </form> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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Looping Statements in PHP

Parvesh Sandila / February 2, 2021

Looping statements help us to run a piece of code again and again. For example, you want to show 1 to 100 on your page. In normal cases, you have to write echo 100 times with the number to show 1 to 100 on the web page. But with the help of a loop, you can do this task very easily by writing an echo only once. There are three looping statements in PHP. for loop while loop do-while loop Now we will learn each looping statement in detail. For loop: – for loop is used to run a piece of code for a certain number of times. For loop take three expressions. In the first expression, we initialize a variable after that in the second expression we write and condition, and in the last expression we increment or decrement the variable. To understand it you can check the following syntax to define for loop in C. for (initializationStatement; testExpression; updateStatement) { // statements inside the body of for loop } Check this example. In this example, we will write 1 to 10 using for loop. Example Program: <?php for($i=1;$<=10;$i++){ echo “$i\n”; } ?> While loop: – If you want to run a piece of code again and again until a certain condition is true. You can use a while loop. while loop takes only a single expression which is a conditional expression. Check out the syntax to define a while loop in PHP. while(condition){ //body of the loop } Here is an example of a while loop. Example Program: – <?php $i=1; while(i<=10){ echo “$i\n”; $i++; } ?> Do while loop: – The do-while loop is the same as the while loop but there is a small difference. In case of the false condition in the first iteration of the while loop, the Body of the while loop would not run. But in the case of the do-while loop. It will run. because it checks the condition after running the body of the loop. Check out the syntax to define the do-while loop in PHP. do{ //body of the loop }while(condition) Example Program: – <?php $i=1; do{ echo “Hello”; }while(i!=1) ?> Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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Branching Statements in PHP

Parvesh Sandila / January 30, 2021

In this tutorial, we will learn Branching Statements in PHP. Branching statements allow us to control the flow of the program. For example, if you want to run a piece of code only if a certain condition would be true in this kind of situation branching statements can help you a lot. Here is a list of available branching statements in PHP. Available Branching Statements in PHP: – Now we will learn about all the branching statements in detail. If statement: – In case you want to run a piece of code only if a certain condition would be true. In this kind of situation, you can use the if statement. For example, you are creating a web page for student admission where a student can only apply for a course if he/she already has done bachelor’s degree. Please check out the following syntax to define the if statement in PHP. To understand the flow of the if statement. Please check out the following flow chart diagram of the if statement. Check the following example program to understand this if statement clearly. Example Program: – We can use various types operators to write the condition in branching statements in PHP such as conditional operators and logical operators. If else statement: – Now we know about the if statement. In the if statement we can run a piece of code only if the condition is true, It means we don’t have any control in case of a false condition. To solve this problem we have the if-else statement. The if-else statement allows us to write code for both conditions true and false. Please check out the following syntax to define the if-else statement in PHP. To understand the flow of the if-else statement. Please check out the following flow chart diagram. Example Program: – Else if statement: – We use the else-if statement in case we have multiple conditions and we want to run a particular piece of code for different conditions. Please check out the following syntax to define the else-if statement in PHP. To understand the flow of the else-if statement. Please check out the following flow chart diagram. To understand it, Please follows the given example program. Example Program: – Switch statement: – We use the switch statement in case we have multiple options. for example, you have various courses and you want to open a different page for each course. Please check out the following syntax to define the switch statement in PHP. To understand the flow of the switch statement. Please check out the following flow chart diagram. Check the following example to understand the switch statement more clearly. Example Program: – Wooo hooo! Now that you’re familiar with branching statements in PHP, go ahead and use them in your daily coding exercises. Practice makes perfect, so make the most of these concepts in your programming routines. Happy coding! Parvesh SandilaParvesh Sandila is a passionate web and Mobile app developer from Jalandhar, Punjab, who has over six years of experience. Holding a Master’s degree in Computer Applications (2017), he has also mentored over 100 students in coding. In 2019, Parvesh founded Owlbuddy.com, a platform that provides free, high-quality programming tutorials in languages like Java, Python, Kotlin, PHP, and Android. His mission is to make tech education accessible to all aspiring developers. new.owlbuddy.com

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